Ve network. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130686.gPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0130686 June 22,10 /Altered Brain Connectivity in Late Preterm ChildrenFig 5. Lateral Parietal Cortex Connectivity Comparison of Late Preterms versus Term Control Children. purchase N-hexanoic-Try-Ile-(6)-amino hexanoic amide increased connectivity within late preterm children is present predominantly within the posterior DMN when seeded from the angular and superior marginal gyri, although some increased connectivity was observed within the anterior cingulate cortex of the DMN. Decreased connectivity was observed within components of the salience network (insular cortex) and DuvoglustatMedChemExpress 1-Deoxynojirimycin central executive network (prefrontal). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130686.gseeding, on the other hand, demonstrated increased streamlines within subcortical white matter in the region of the right lateral parietal cortex, implying increased fpsyg.2014.00726 anatomical connectivity to the default mode network hub. Lateral Parietal Cortex. Seeding from the right lateral parietal cortex as shown in Fig 8 demonstrated reduced streamlines within the posterior corpus callosum as in the case of the left PMC seed, suggesting a common reduction in interhemispheric connectivity. Increased streamlines for late preterm children are noted within the subcortical white matter near the supplementary motor area.Discussion Functional Hyperconnectivity of the posterior DMN in Late PrematurityLate preterm birth is increasingly recognized as an important influence in brain development with documented impairments in learning and neuropsychological performance [52]. In our examination of preadolescent children born late preterm imaging anatomical and functionalPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0130686 June 22,11 /Altered Brain Connectivity in Late Preterm ChildrenFig 6. Increased Structural Connectivity related to the Posteromedial Cortex within IFOF and ILF. Using probabilistic tractography from the right PMC seed, increased streamlines were demonstrated within the right inferior longitudinal (occipitotemporal) fasciculus (ILF) and overlapping inferior frontooccipital fasciculus (IFOF). These increased streamlines overlapped with the axon-rich sagittal stratum. Color bars indicate increased streamlines (+2.1 to +4.1) and decreased streamlines (-2.1 to -4.1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130686.gconnectivity wcs.1183 highlights key differences even in the absence of differences in results on neuropsychological testing. Connectivity was increased in late preterm children predominantly within the posterior default mode network and associated with greater anti-correlation to right-sided components of the salience and executive networks. These findings are suggestiveFig 7. Comparison of Tractography Differences between the Right and Left Posteromedial Cortex. Seeding from both the right and left posteromedial cortex demonstrated increased streamlines within the right ILF/IFOF, but the magnitude of increased streamlines was greater for the right PMC seed. Decreases within the splenium (mostly within the more right aspect) were seen with left seeding while at the same time significant increases were seen within subcortical white matter near the right lateral parietal cortex. Right seeding also showed decreases within the left posterior parietal subcortical white matter. Color bars indicate increased streamlines (+2.1 to +4.1) and decreased streamlines (-2.1 to -4.1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130686.gPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0130686 June 22,12 /Altered Brain Connectivity in Late Pr.Ve network. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130686.gPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0130686 June 22,10 /Altered Brain Connectivity in Late Preterm ChildrenFig 5. Lateral Parietal Cortex Connectivity Comparison of Late Preterms versus Term Control Children. Increased connectivity within late preterm children is present predominantly within the posterior DMN when seeded from the angular and superior marginal gyri, although some increased connectivity was observed within the anterior cingulate cortex of the DMN. Decreased connectivity was observed within components of the salience network (insular cortex) and central executive network (prefrontal). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130686.gseeding, on the other hand, demonstrated increased streamlines within subcortical white matter in the region of the right lateral parietal cortex, implying increased fpsyg.2014.00726 anatomical connectivity to the default mode network hub. Lateral Parietal Cortex. Seeding from the right lateral parietal cortex as shown in Fig 8 demonstrated reduced streamlines within the posterior corpus callosum as in the case of the left PMC seed, suggesting a common reduction in interhemispheric connectivity. Increased streamlines for late preterm children are noted within the subcortical white matter near the supplementary motor area.Discussion Functional Hyperconnectivity of the posterior DMN in Late PrematurityLate preterm birth is increasingly recognized as an important influence in brain development with documented impairments in learning and neuropsychological performance [52]. In our examination of preadolescent children born late preterm imaging anatomical and functionalPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0130686 June 22,11 /Altered Brain Connectivity in Late Preterm ChildrenFig 6. Increased Structural Connectivity related to the Posteromedial Cortex within IFOF and ILF. Using probabilistic tractography from the right PMC seed, increased streamlines were demonstrated within the right inferior longitudinal (occipitotemporal) fasciculus (ILF) and overlapping inferior frontooccipital fasciculus (IFOF). These increased streamlines overlapped with the axon-rich sagittal stratum. Color bars indicate increased streamlines (+2.1 to +4.1) and decreased streamlines (-2.1 to -4.1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130686.gconnectivity wcs.1183 highlights key differences even in the absence of differences in results on neuropsychological testing. Connectivity was increased in late preterm children predominantly within the posterior default mode network and associated with greater anti-correlation to right-sided components of the salience and executive networks. These findings are suggestiveFig 7. Comparison of Tractography Differences between the Right and Left Posteromedial Cortex. Seeding from both the right and left posteromedial cortex demonstrated increased streamlines within the right ILF/IFOF, but the magnitude of increased streamlines was greater for the right PMC seed. Decreases within the splenium (mostly within the more right aspect) were seen with left seeding while at the same time significant increases were seen within subcortical white matter near the right lateral parietal cortex. Right seeding also showed decreases within the left posterior parietal subcortical white matter. Color bars indicate increased streamlines (+2.1 to +4.1) and decreased streamlines (-2.1 to -4.1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130686.gPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0130686 June 22,12 /Altered Brain Connectivity in Late Pr.