Etter understand how the present measures of (non)stuttered disfluencies are associated with actual speech-language planning and production. Also, the disfluency counts were based only on the first 300 words of conversational speech. Clinical knowledge about stuttering shows that stuttering waxes and wanes not only from day to day, but also purchase 1-Deoxynojirimycin frequency of disfluency may increase with the size of language sample (Sawyer Yairi, 2006). Moreover, there is a possibility that the real-time disfluency counting procedure employed in the current study may be more prone to errors than an offline disfluency count from recorded speech (see Yaruss, 1998a,b). Whether these differences make a significant Leupeptin (hemisulfate)MedChemExpress Leupeptin (hemisulfate) difference in terms of distinguishing children who do stutter from those children who do not stutter would appear to be an open, empirical question. It should be noted, however, that Yaruss and colleagues (1998) assessed reliability between the on-line and off-line transcript-based methods of disfluency counts. They reported a strong positive correlation of r = .88 (p < .001) between on-line and transcript-based count of non-stuttered disfluencies and no significant mean differences between the two counts. Similarly, for stuttered disfluencies Yaruss et al. reported a strong positive correlation of r = .94 (p < .001) and no significant differences in mean stuttered disfluencies between the online and the transcript-based method of count.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptJ Commun Disord. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 May 01.Tumanova et al.Page5. ConclusionAlthough it was not the purpose of the present study to empirically test extant theories of childhood stuttering, our study did assess four salient issues germane to classification and measurement of childhood stuttering in preschool-age children. Among those issues are nonnormality of distributions of speech disfluencies; inclusion of frequency of non-stuttered disfluencies as an additional criterion for talker-group classification to augment the 3 stuttered disfluencies criterion in difficult-to-classify cases, and gender effects on overall fluency of preschool-age children regardless of their talker-group classification. Results of this study provide additional perspective on findings reported by Johnson et al. (1959) as well as others (e.g., Jones et al., 2006). Whereas our findings do not provide an absolute, error-free means for classifying preschoolers who stutter (something seldom possible, if ever, for classification schemas for human disorders), present findings do move us toward a more comprehensive understanding of salient behaviors and characteristics of preschool-age children's stuttering as well as the empirical means to measure same.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptAcknowledgmentsThis research was supported in part by NIH research grant (DC000523-17) and a CTSA grant (UL1 RR024975) from NCRR/NIH to Vanderbilt University. The present authors extend appreciation to Dahye Choi, Chagit Clark, Robin Jones, and Hatun Zengin-Bolatkale for their assistance in conducting this research study. We also would like to thank all the children, who served as participants, and their families, without their cooperation this study would not have been possible.
Kidney transplantation (KT) remains the major life-saving treatment for patients with endstage renal disease. Despite improvement over the years in immunosup.Etter understand how the present measures of (non)stuttered disfluencies are associated with actual speech-language planning and production. Also, the disfluency counts were based only on the first 300 words of conversational speech. Clinical knowledge about stuttering shows that stuttering waxes and wanes not only from day to day, but also frequency of disfluency may increase with the size of language sample (Sawyer Yairi, 2006). Moreover, there is a possibility that the real-time disfluency counting procedure employed in the current study may be more prone to errors than an offline disfluency count from recorded speech (see Yaruss, 1998a,b). Whether these differences make a significant difference in terms of distinguishing children who do stutter from those children who do not stutter would appear to be an open, empirical question. It should be noted, however, that Yaruss and colleagues (1998) assessed reliability between the on-line and off-line transcript-based methods of disfluency counts. They reported a strong positive correlation of r = .88 (p < .001) between on-line and transcript-based count of non-stuttered disfluencies and no significant mean differences between the two counts. Similarly, for stuttered disfluencies Yaruss et al. reported a strong positive correlation of r = .94 (p < .001) and no significant differences in mean stuttered disfluencies between the online and the transcript-based method of count.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptJ Commun Disord. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 May 01.Tumanova et al.Page5. ConclusionAlthough it was not the purpose of the present study to empirically test extant theories of childhood stuttering, our study did assess four salient issues germane to classification and measurement of childhood stuttering in preschool-age children. Among those issues are nonnormality of distributions of speech disfluencies; inclusion of frequency of non-stuttered disfluencies as an additional criterion for talker-group classification to augment the 3 stuttered disfluencies criterion in difficult-to-classify cases, and gender effects on overall fluency of preschool-age children regardless of their talker-group classification. Results of this study provide additional perspective on findings reported by Johnson et al. (1959) as well as others (e.g., Jones et al., 2006). Whereas our findings do not provide an absolute, error-free means for classifying preschoolers who stutter (something seldom possible, if ever, for classification schemas for human disorders), present findings do move us toward a more comprehensive understanding of salient behaviors and characteristics of preschool-age children's stuttering as well as the empirical means to measure same.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptAcknowledgmentsThis research was supported in part by NIH research grant (DC000523-17) and a CTSA grant (UL1 RR024975) from NCRR/NIH to Vanderbilt University. The present authors extend appreciation to Dahye Choi, Chagit Clark, Robin Jones, and Hatun Zengin-Bolatkale for their assistance in conducting this research study. We also would like to thank all the children, who served as participants, and their families, without their cooperation this study would not have been possible.
Kidney transplantation (KT) remains the major life-saving treatment for patients with endstage renal disease. Despite improvement over the years in immunosup.