Precious sources of peculiar microorganisms adapted to extreme environmental circumstances. The Julong highaltitude volcanic hot springs in northeast China are characterized by alkali, sulfur and metal enrichment. The microbial communities colonizing these intriguing habitats nevertheless stay completely unknown. We carried out the present study as a way to shed light on the Julong hot springs fungal and bacterial neighborhood diversity, structure and interactions, and to know the influence of pH around the microorganisms colonizing the investigated environment. We detected a large variety of standard photosynthetic, thermophilic, alkalophilic, antimicrobialactive, and sulfide and metaloxidizing microbial taxa representing clear hyperlinks towards the intense properties on the studied environment. Results showed a striking microorganism community variation strongly influenced by pH beneath clearly alkaline circumstances. Our analyses suggests that mutualistic relationships may be widespread amongst microorganisms coexisting within the Julong hot springs, specifically for the bacterial neighborhood. This study gives new insights in the diversity and ecological interactions of microorganisms living in highaltitude volcanic hot springs and contributes to our expertise of abiotic components influencing the microbial community inside the analyzed intense atmosphere. Abstract: The Julong highaltitude volcanic hot springs in northeast China are of undeniable interest for microbiological research as a consequence of their exclusive, intense environmental circumstances. The objective of this study was to provide a complete analysis from the unexplored fungal and bacterial neighborhood Cedirogant Epigenetic Reader Domain composition, structure and networks in sediments and water from the Julong hot springs employing a combination of culturebased strategies and metabarcoding. A total of 65 fungal and 21 bacterial strains have been isolated. Fungal genera Trichoderma and Cladosporium had been dominant in sediments, even though essentially the most abundant fungi in hot spring water have been Aspergillus and Alternaria. Bacterial communities in sediments and water have been dominated by the genera Chryseobacterium and Pseudomonas, respectively. Metabarcoding analysis revealed considerable differences in the microorganism communities from the two hot springs. Outcomes suggested a robust influence of pH on the analyzed microbial diversity, at least when the environmental circumstances became clearly alkaline. Our analyses indicated that mutualistic interactions may possibly play an crucial role in shaping stable microbial networks inside the studied hot springs. The much more complex bacterial than fungal networks described in our study might suggest that the additional versatile trophic tactics of bacteria are effective for their survival and fitness beneath intense circumstances. Search phrases: fungi; bacteria; microbial community; hot springs; intense environments; microorganism diversity; morphology; Illumina sequencing; microbial network analysisCopyright: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This short article is definitely an open access short article distributed beneath the terms and situations from the Inventive Commons Attribution /by/4.0/). (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licensesBiology 2021, 10, 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/biologywww.mdpi.com/journal/biologyBiology 2021, 10,two of1. Introduction Microorganisms are necessary components in all ecosystems. Provided their compact size, easy dispersal, flexibility to utilize a broad array of nutrients, and potential to tolerate intense environmental circumstances, micr.